The British Broadcasting Corporations Computer Literacy Project hoped to introduce interested adults to the world of computers. Acorn produces a popular computer, the BBC Microcomputer System, so viewers at home could follow along on their own home computers as they watched the program. Palm Inc., founded by Ed Colligan, Donna Dubinsky, and Jeff Hawkins, originally created software for the Casio Zoomer personal data assistant. He founded Sublogic after graduating from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1977, and released the first version of Flight Simulator for the Apple II in 1979. As Apples first new product under the leadership of a returning Steve Jobs, many consider this the most significant step in Apple's return from near-bankruptcy in the middle 1990s. Intel and Zilog introduced new microprocessors. Approximately 90 percent of PCs run some version of Windows. The Nova line of computers continued through the 1970s, and influenced later systems like the Xerox Alto and Apple 1. Students included future computing pioneers such as Maurice Wilkes, Claude Shannon, David Rees, and Jay Forrester. The 2116A also marked HP's first use of integrated circuits in a commercial product. At the same press conference, IBM also announced 40 completely new peripherals for the new family. The first Q1 microcomputer was delivered in December of 1972, making it the first, as far as he can tell. The banking industry rushed to adopt the machine, built to run during repair or expansion. Some of its other innovations were the inclusion of a magneto-optical (MO) disk drive, a digital signal processor and the NeXTSTEP programming environment (later released as OPENSTEP). False Conceived in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, this credit card-sized computer features ease of use and simplicity making it highly popular with students and hobbyists. Designed by John V. Blankenbaker using standard medium-- and small-scale integrated circuits, the Kenbak-1 relied on switches for input and lights for output from its 256-byte memory. It managed Japan's first on-line, real-time reservation system for Kinki Nippon Railways in 1960. The kit was the cover story of hobbyist magazine Radio-Electronics in July 1974 six months before the MITS Altair 8800 was in rival Popular Electronics magazine. VTech, founded in Hong Kong, had been a manufacturer of Pong-like games and educational toys when they introduce the Laser 128 computer. High packaging density of integrated circuits and a novel Freon cooling system also contributed to its speed. Developed by the Japanese government to create global climate models, the Earth Simulator is a massively parallel, vector-based system that costs nearly 60 billion yen (roughly $600 million at the time). The device was considered the earliest non-kit personal computer. Designed by scientists and engineers at MITs Instrumentation Laboratory, the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) is the culmination of years of work to reduce the size of the Apollo spacecraft computer from the size of seven refrigerators side-by-side to a compact unit weighing only 70 lbs. While larger than the previous G4 towers, the G5 had comparatively limited space for expansion. Computer Science. The Univac 1 is the first commercial computer to attract widespread public attention. Its price was $2,500. Microcomputers are an interesting part of the history of both computing and video games. The machines existence was not made public until the 1970s. The word "computer" was first used in 1613 in the book The Yong Mans Gleanings by Richard Braithwaite and originally described a human who performed calculations or computations. Updates called _____ contain fixes and enhancements to the operating system. a. Mac OS b. DOS (Disk Operating System) c. desktop operating system d. Linux 0 points QUESTION 2 1. The first stored-program computer to be built in continental Europe was the MESM, completed in the Soviet Union in 1950. Foremost among its developments was Forresters perfection of magnetic core memory, which became the dominant form of high-speed random access memory for computers until the mid-1970s. The camera had a maximum resolution of 0.11 megapixels a 256-color display, and photos could be shared wirelessly. Their first program, consisting of seventeen instructions and written by Kilburn, ran on June 21st, 1948. The 1401 mainframe, the first in the series, replaces earlier vacuum tube technology with smaller, more reliable transistors. Ed Colligan, Donna Dubinsky, and Jeff Hawkins. In 1939, Bell Telephone Laboratories completes this calculator, designed by scientist George Stibitz. The militarys high standards for its transistors pushed manufacturers to improve quality control. All three PowerBooks introduced featured a built-in trackball, internal floppy drive, and palm rests, which would eventually become typical of 1990s laptop design. Definition. It also included more memory and accommodated high-density 1.2-megabyte 5 1/4-inch floppy disks. An ecologist, for example, could sprinkle thousands of motes from the air onto a field and measure soil and air temperature, moisture, and sunlight, giving them accurate real-time data about the environment. The first advertisement for a microprocessor, the Intel 4004, appears in Electronic News. Quiz 1. It developed a very loyal following while add-on components allowed it to be upgraded easily. 2. Assessment instruments may have lower reliability and validity when used with non-native English speakers. Officially known as the Track Write, the automatically expanding full-sized keyboard used by the ThinkPad 701 is designed by inventor John Karidis. The J-Phone line would quickly expand, releasing a flip-phone version just a month later. The original design included two memory boards and could generate and store 512 characters as 16 lines of 32 characters. This is a list of early microcomputers sold to hobbyists and developers. Back in the 80s and 90s, the home computing revolution led to a huge number of microcomputers hitting the market across the world. In his book Giant Brains, Berkeley noted - We shall now consider how we can design a very simple machine that will think. In a widely circulated paper, mathematician John von Neumann outlines the architecture of a stored-program computer, including electronic storage of programming information and data -- which eliminates the need for more clumsy methods of programming such as plugboards, punched cards and paper. The machine came with 256 bytes of memory (expandable to 64 KB) and an open 100-line bus structure that evolved into the S-100 standard widely used in hobbyist and personal computers of this era. Conceived by Harvard physics professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark 1 is a room-sized, relay-based calculator. User interface Minuteman missiles use transistorized computers to continuously calculate their position in flight. Apples inspiration for the Lisa and Macintosh computers came from the Xerox Alto. After the war, Herzstarks Curta made history as the smallest all-mechanical, four-function calculator ever built. True The term DBMS is used in reference to spreadsheet software. Its chiclet keyboard was also criticized for poor ergonomics. In 1975, Scelbi introduced the 8B version with 16 KB of memory for the business market. Which of the following is not one of the kinds of interaction that Moore said characterized online courses? Lenovo, China's largest manufacturer of PCs, purchased IBM's personal computer business in 2005, largely to gain access to IBM's ThinkPad line of computers and sales force. The Mark 1 was a refinement of the experimental Manchester Baby and Manchester Mark 1 computers, also at Manchester University. Acorn spun off ARM as its own company to license microprocessor designs, which in turn has transformed mobile computing with ARMs low power, high-performance processors and systems-on-chip (SoC). Microsoft Windows, also called Windows and Windows OS, computer operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers (PCs). The Alto is a groundbreaking computer with wide influence on the computer industry. The Z3 was used for aerodynamic calculations but was destroyed in a bombing raid on Berlin in late 1943. What can both teachers and students create to make a visual record their skill development over time? The 701 introduction also marked the beginning of IBMs entry into the large-scale computer market, a market it came to dominate in later decades. The notion of storing both data and instructions in memory became known as the stored program concept to distinguish it from earlier methods of instructing a computer. The Johnniac computer is one of 17 computers that followed the basic design of Princeton's Institute of Advanced Study (IAS) computer. The 386 chip brought with it the introduction of a 32-bit architecture, a significant improvement over the 16-bit architecture of previous microprocessors. Univac computers were used in many different applications but utilities, insurance companies and the US military were major customers. Plans for the Mark-8 cost $5 and the blank circuit boards were available for $50. Shareware is a software program that is given away by the author for others to use free of charge. If a student is creating within Minecraft or Sims, what type of computer programming products are they designing and making? The Manchester Mark I used more than 1,300 vacuum tubes and occupied an area the size of a medium room. Based on the Intel 8008 microprocessor, the Micral is one of the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computers. What is a typical classroom application for instructional games? Reaching 32 gigaflops (32 billion floating point operations per second), Intels Touchstone Delta has 512 processors operating independently, arranged in a two-dimensional communications mesh. Caltech researchers used this supercomputer prototype for projects such as real-time processing of satellite images, and for simulating molecular models in AIDS research. Apps, games, and accessories helped spur the popularity of the iPad and led to its adoption in thousands of different applications from movie making, creating art, making music, inventory control and point-of-sale systems, to name but a few. A cassette tape interface provided supplementary storage for text. Only one month later, another one million Raspberry Pis were delivered. It was believed that ENIAC had done more calculation over the ten years it was in operation than all of humanity had until that time. His daughter named the new machine after the star Altair. Dollars. The Mark 1 produced mathematical tables but was soon superseded by electronic stored-program computers. It used a MOS Technologies 6502 microprocessor running at 1 MHz. Because of its electronic, as opposed to electromechanical, technology, it is over 1,000 times faster than any previous computer. Customers got a machine with a 233-MHz G3 processor, 4GB hard drive, 32MB of RAM, a CD-ROM drive, and a 15" monitor. Physicist Stan Frankel, intrigued by small, general-purpose computers, developed the MINAC at Caltech. Started by a group of engineers that left Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Data General designs the Nova minicomputer. DSKY interface for the Apollo Guidance Computer. assist teachers in preparing student IEPs. The NBS also built the Standards Western Automatic Computer (SWAC) at the Institute for Numerical Analysis on the UCLA campus. Beginning with the VAX-11/780, the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX family of computers rivals much more expensive mainframe computers in performance and features the ability to address over 4 GB of virtual memory, hundreds of times the capacity of most minicomputers. Store the results for future use Hardware the electronical and mechanical equipment that makes up a computer. This real-time information system began operating in the early 1960s. Many credit the PS/2 for making the 3.5-inch floppy disk drive and video graphics array (VGA) standard for IBM computers. A year later, it steered Apollo 11 to the lunar surface. T/F True You can save money on your data plan by using this type of connection whenever possible for connecting to the Internet. Accept data (input) 2. OS/2 will continue to be used in special What characteristic is common to most Personalized Learning Systems (PLS)? The machines were used by the Chinese Academy of Sciences to run massive solar energy simulations, as well as some of the most complex molecular studies ever undertaken. The definition of a computer remained the same until the end of the 19th century, when the industrial revolution gave rise to mechanical machines whose primary purpose was . These microcomputers were often sold as "DIY" kits or pre-built machines in relatively small numbers in the mid-1970s.These systems were primarily used for teaching the use of microprocessors and supporting peripheral devices, and unlike home computers were rarely used with pre-written application software. The NeXT had three Motorola microprocessors and 8 MB of RAM. Using dual PowerPC 603 CPUs, and featuring a large variety of peripheral ports, the first devices were used for software development. David Packard and Bill Hewlett found their company in a Palo Alto, California garage. Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the ASR-33 was a popular and inexpensive choice of input and output device for minicomputers and many of the first generation of microcomputers. It was named after John von Neumann, a world famous mathematician and computer pioneer of the day. Federico Faggin led the design and Ted Hoff led the architecture. Which kind of software is required to edit a movie from filmed video footage? Motorola went on to create the 68000 series, which became the basis for the Apple Macintosh line of computers. Simon featured on the November 1950 Scientific American cover, The hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics publishes Edmund Berkeley's design for the Simon 1 relay computer from 1950 to 1951. The first large commercial computers to use integrated circuits, RCA highlights the IC's advantage over IBMs custom SLT modules. Which kind of software tool would a teacher choose in order to develop a test item bank? It was developed as a versatile instrument controller for HP's growing family of programmable test and measurement products. Many innovative programs were created for Johnniac, including the time-sharing system JOSS that allowed many users to simultaneously access the machine. Designed by Don Lancaster, the TV Typewriter is an easy-to-build kit that can display alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set. With the success of the clone, Compaq recorded first-year sales of $111 million, the most ever by an American business in a single year. Which of the following is not a quality to look for in well-developed tutorial software? It was the first microcomputer to sell in large numbers. This high performance processor found its place in powerful work stations intended for graphics-intensive programs common in engineering. The PC era ended Wangs success, and it filed for bankruptcy in 1992. Advertised as the first 100% IBM PC-compatible computer, the Compaq Portable can run the same software as the IBM PC. The Z3, an early computer built by German engineer Konrad Zuse working in complete isolation from developments elsewhere, uses 2,300 relays, performs floating point binary arithmetic, and has a 22-bit word length. VisiCalc was released in 1979 and quickly became a must-have tool for business users. workstations. It was thus an important milestone in computing as soon Microsoft Windows and the Apple Macintosh would soon adopt the GUI as their user interface, making it the new paradigm for personal computing. Since the release of the Macintosh in 1984, Apple has placed emphasis on high-resolution graphics and display technologies. The Amiga sold for $1,295 (without monitor) and had audio and video capabilities beyond those found in most other personal computers. This was the first program in history to run on a digital, electronic, stored-program computer. Their first program, consisting of seventeen instructions and written by Kilburn, ran on June 21st, 1948. The result was the Relay Interpolator, later called the Bell Labs Model II. Used for science and engineering as well as simple data processing, the LGP-30 was a bargain at less than $50,000 and an early example of a personal computer, that is, a computer made for a single user. A. The title of first commercially available general-purpose computer probably goes to Britains Ferranti Mark I for its sale of its first Mark I computer to Manchester University. In October 1961, the Navy tested the NTDS on the USS Oriskany carrier and the USS King and USS Mahan frigates. This free, public set of lectures inspired the EDSAC, BINAC, and, later, IAS machine clones like the AVIDAC. Five times faster than its predecessor, the 8008, the Intel 8080 could address four times as many bytes for a total of 64 kilobytes. The last one was decommissioned in 1979. It offered increased performance and storage capacity over the original IBM PC and sold for about $4,000. MITS co-founder Ed Roberts invented the Altair 8800 which sold for $297, or $395 with a case and coined the term personal computer. The Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) project, led by IBM engineer Wallace Eckert, uses both relays and vacuum tubes to process scientific data at the rate of 50 14 x 14 digit multiplications per second. During the 1980s and early 1990s, ____ was the dominant operating system for microcomputers. Question 13. The most ambitious massively parallel computer at the time, the ILLIAC IV was plagued with design and production problems. Which of the following is not a significant challenge in regard to assessing students who are English language learners (ELLs)? When was the word "computer" first used? The world's first scanned image was made on SEAC by engineer Russell Kirsch in 1957. The IBM PC revolutionized business computing by becoming the first PC to gain widespread adoption by industry. The Advanced Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) needed a supercomputer to help with the maintenance of the US nuclear arsenal following the ban on underground nuclear testing. answer choices True Fasle Question 3 30 seconds Q. An offshoot of the POWER XCell8i chip was used as the main processor in the Sony PlayStation 3 game console. What type of integration strategy is a teacher using when she has her students link up with local writers who critique the students' stories and email them feedback before their work is finalized and posted online? The US Navy Tactical Data System uses computers to integrate and display shipboard radar, sonar and communications data. Term. The first digital computer that could operate in real-time came out of Project Whirlwind, a initiative during World War II in which MIT worked with the U.S. Navy to develop a universal flight simulator. One of the earliest and most popular pieces of software for microcomputers was the VisiCalc spreadsheet program. Typically, computer users of the time fed their programs into a computer using punched cards or paper tape. Definition. Hewlett and Packard in their garage workshop. Columbia was used in space vehicle analysis, including studying the Columbia disaster, but also in astrophysics, weather and ocean modeling. Online retailer Amazon released the Kindle, one of the first to gain a large following among consumers. Each Cray-1 took a full year to assemble and test and cost about $10 million. It interfaced with a wide number of standard laboratory instruments, allowing customers to computerize their instrument systems. . Compaq beats IBM to the market when it announces the Deskpro 386, the first computer on the market to use Intels new 80386 chip, a 32-bit microprocessor with 275,000 transistors on each chip. Of the following, which is one of the controversies surrounding use of word processing in schools? Which two kinds of software are designed primarily for use by individuals rather than by groups of students? At MIT, researchers begin experimenting with direct keyboard input to computers, a precursor to todays normal mode of operation. What is the function of an IEP generator? By the early 1990s, Dell became one of the leading computer retailers. After retiring their initial Visor series of PDAs, Handspring introduced the Treo line of smartphones, designed with built-in keyboards, cameras, and the Palm operating system. Cuthbert Hurd (standing) and Thomas Watson, Sr. at IBM 701 console. Most historians believe that the use of Colossus machines significantly shortened the war by providing evidence of enemy intentions and beliefs. The machine was designed and built by Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry between 1939 and 1942. Friedl used the SCAMP prototype to gain approval within IBM to promote and develop IBMs 5100 family of computers, including the most successful, the 5150, also known as the IBM Personal Computer (PC), introduced in 1981. What type of online learning is used the least in K-12 educational contexts? At its introduction, it was listed as the second fastest supercomputer in the world and this single system increased NASA's supercomputing capacity 10-fold. It had no operating system, but it did recognize commands entered via a row of switches. Level. The Institute of Advanced Study (IAS) computer is a multi-year research project conducted under the overall supervision of world-famous mathematician John von Neumann. The fastest machine of its day, The Cray-1's speed comes partly from its shape, a "C," which reduces the length of wires and thus the time signals need to travel across them. Tracks on the drum did the mathematical integration. The computer had to be rugged and fast, with advanced circuit design and reliable packaging able to withstand the forces of a missile launch. System/360 was aimed at both business and scientific customers and all models could run the same software, largely without modification. A total of ten Colossi were delivered, each using as many as 2,500 vacuum tubes. Upgrade to Quizlet Plus to study with no ads, offline access and even more premium features, like image uploading and scanning to create sets. Inside was a Z80 microprocessor and a built-in BASIC language interpreter. [2] Designed by Sunnyvale, California native Steve Wozniak, and marketed by his friend Steve Jobs, the Apple-1 is a single-board computer for hobbyists. Sun Microsystems grows out of this prototype. It presents an approach to the technology and the implementation prOblem, documented with information about specific transit applica-tions. What kind of software tool are Notebook and ActivInspire examples of? Initially designed for internal use by HP employees, co-founder Bill Hewlett issues a challenge to his engineers in 1971: fit all of the features of their desktop scientific calculator into a package small enough for his shirt pocket. What software is useful to illustrate a numerical concept such as the difference between electoral votes and popular votes? It featured a 5-inch display, 64 KB of memory, a modem, and two 5.25-inch floppy disk drives. What is the best statement about your choice of a microcontroller for the project? The PowerBook 100 was the entry-level machine, while the PowerBook 140 was more powerful and had a larger memory. The TI 99/4 sold well and led to a series of TI follow-on machines. Enterprise resource planning systems cannot be used for managing daily operations. The EDSAC project was led by Cambridge professor and director of the Cambridge Computation Laboratory, Maurice Wilkes. H. Edward Roberts, the Florida-born former U.S. Air Force officer who headed MITS, decided to design a small, affordable computer around the Intel 8080. It has pre-programmed curricular material. The TX-0 (Transistor eXperimental - 0) is the first general-purpose programmable computer built with transistors. Southwest Technical Products is founded by Daniel Meyer as DEMCO in the 1960s to provide a source for kit versions of projects published in electronics hobbyist magazines. This is likely the first example of remote access computing. Introduction of the iPhone 4 with retina display. What type of web-based creation is produced when students submit their written or artistic products to a website? The electronic circuits (registers) of the arithmetic- logic unit perform both the arithmetic and logic functions needed for the software instructions to be executed. Based on ideas from Alan Turing, Britains Pilot ACE computer is constructed at the National Physical Laboratory. The device's success led to the creation of MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1951. Within weeks of its appearance, customers inundated its maker, MITS, with orders. ____ operating systems are typically used for a network platform. Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) grow out of the observation that the simplest 20 percent of a computers instruction set does 80 percent of the work. Truong, founder and president of the French company R2E, created the Micral as a replacement for minicomputers in situations that did not require high performance, such as process control and highway toll collection. System/360 is a major event in the history of computing. Powerful microcomputers developed for use by commercial, educational and government enterprises are called ____. The Micral N was the first in the series and was produced by the company R2E. A large parallel processing computer, the ILLIAC IV does not operate until 1972. answer choices 20 pin P1 connector 8 pin auxiliary connector 24+4 pin P1 connector Microcomputer was formerly a commonly used term for personal computers, particularly any of a class of small digital computers whose CPU is contained on a single integrated semiconductor chip. This type of computer is useful in performing many of the mathematical equations scientists and engineers encounter in their work. Manipulate the data according to specific rules (process) 3. The system was kept at NASA Ames Research Center until 2013, when it was removed to make way for two new supercomputers. Programmer Arthur Samuels used the 701 to write the first computer program designed to play checkers. The PowerBook line of computers was discontinued in 2006. What do sites such as edshelf, Learning List, What Works Clearinghouse, EdSurge Product Index, and Common Sense Education help teachers with? The 470V/6 was the companys first product and ran the same software as IBM System/370 computers but cost less and was smaller and faster. Commodores Amiga 1000 is announced with a major event at New York's Lincoln Center featuring celebrities like Andy Warhol and Debbie Harry of the musical group Blondie. Designed by engineer Gardner Hendrie for Computer Control Corporation (CCC), the DDP-116 is announced at the 1965 Spring Joint Computer Conference. Customers included US military as well as industry. spreadsheet What is the function of an IEP generator? A joint project of Englands Manchester University, Ferranti Computers, and Plessey, Atlas comes online nine years after Manchesters computer lab begins exploring transistor technology. Demand called for more than 12,000 of the 1401 computers, and the machines success made a strong case for using general-purpose computers rather than specialized systems. [21] The first stored-program computers [ edit] Several computers could be considered the first stored-program computer, depending on the criteria. To reduce its size, the traditional hard drive was replaced with a solid-state disk, the first mass-market computer to do so. Under the direction of engineer Dr. Paul Friedl, the Special Computer APL Machine Portable (SCAMP) personal computer prototype is developed at IBM's Los Gatos and Palo Alto, California laboratories. Apple enters the handheld computer market with the Newton. Named in honor of the space shuttle which broke-up on re-entry, the Columbia supercomputer is an important part of NASA's return to manned spaceflight after the 2003 disaster. Software The astronauts were responsible for entering more than 10,000 commands into the AGC for each trip between Earth and the Moon. Its base price was $6,500. Mark-8 featured on Radio-Electronics July 1974 cover. Mathematician George Stibitz recommends using a relay-based calculator for the project. The Difference Engine #2 at the Science Museum, London. Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. It used $120 worth of electronics components, as outlined in the September 1973 issue of hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics. In October 2013, the one millionth Raspberry Pi was shipped. The C64, as it is better known, sells for $595, comes with 64 KB of RAM and features impressive graphics. An early transistorized computer, the NEAC (Nippon Electric Automatic Computer) includes a CPU, console, paper tape reader and punch, printer and magnetic tape units. While the PC Jr. sold poorly, the PC/AT sold in the millions. The handbook is complemented by two companion documents: Microcomputers in Transit: A Software Handbook, and Microcomputers in The micro has to have a real . true. most important part of computer. Which software tool would be helpful for preparing a newsletter? The 501 is built on a 'building block' concept which allows it to be highly flexible for many different uses and could simultaneously control up to 63 tape drivesvery useful for large databases of information. Ross contended that a Flexowriter -- an electrically-controlled typewriter -- connected to an MIT computer could function as a keyboard input device due to its low cost and flexibility. The 2116A is HPs first computer. Virginia Tech used more than a thousand PowerMac G5s to create the System X cluster supercomputer, rated #3 in November of that year on the worlds TOP500 fastest computers. Operational by 1964, it was not the first computerized reservation system, but it was well publicized and became very influential. The Apple Mac computer running the Mac OS System 1 was the first commercially available computer with a graphical user interface. It is recognized by the 2006 Guinness Book of World Records as the greatest selling single computer of all time.
Earl Anthony Toxicology,
Sealy Response Carver 11" Firm Mattress,
Articles W